AIRMEN’S JOURNAL
PILOT’S TALK
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PILOT’S TALK · GRAMMAR PRACTICE

Mount Etna · Level A

Name: __________________________ Date: ______________

Reading: Mount Etna Disrupts Air Travel in Sicily

Mount Etna is a volcano in Sicily. It is active again now. The volcano is making problems for air travel. Catania Airport (CTA) must stop all arrivals and departures. Many airlines must divert or cancel their flights.

The airport company is called SAC. On September 26, SAC said this: all flight operations at Catania will stop. They will stop until 12:00 local time on September 27. The reason is volcanic ash and bad wind. Also, two parts of the airspace are closed. They are called sectors C1 and B3.

First, the airport worked with less capacity. The ash cloud was coming closer. Then the airport made the rules stricter. After that, all arrivals and departures stopped completely.

Flights Go to Other Airports

The problems started before the airport closed completely. Airlines began to divert their flights. News in Italy said at least 10 flights diverted. Five flights went to Palermo (PMO). Three flights went to Trapani (TPS). Two flights went to Comiso (CIY).

Aeroitalia changed its Rome-Catania flights to Comiso. They did this because Catania was not available. A Delta Air Lines flight from New York to Catania also diverted. It went to Rome Fiumicino (FCO) instead.

Because of the diversions, some flights could continue. But passengers had problems too. Their travel plans changed. Some passengers needed extra transport on the ground.

Other airlines canceled their flights instead.

KM Malta Airlines canceled flight KM642. This flight was from Malta to Catania. They also canceled flight KM643, from Catania to Malta. Both flights were canceled on September 26 because of the volcano and the airport restrictions.

Brussels Airlines also canceled a flight from Catania to Brussels. This flight was planned for September 26. About 140 passengers had problems. They could not travel until September 27 or 28. Brussels Airlines also diverted another flight to Palermo. Passengers then went to Catania by bus.

A TUI fly Belgium flight also diverted to Palermo.

Etna's Ash Cloud Is 4 Kilometers High

The Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) is a science organization. They said the ash cloud is about 4 kilometers high. The cloud is moving south. Because of this, there is a red Volcano Observatory Notice for Aviation (VONA). This warning means the ash is still coming from the volcano.

Volcanic ash is very dangerous for aircraft. It can damage engines and other aircraft systems. This is why Catania has restrictions now. The ash cloud and the airspace limits are the reasons.

Nobody knows exactly when flights will start again. It depends on the ash, the wind direction, and the airspace rules. Airlines also need time. They must move their aircraft and crews back to the right places. Then they can restart their normal schedules.

Unit 1. Telling the Story: Past Simple

Words from the text: divert, cancel, change, start, work, continue, volcano, airport, flight, ash, airspace, passenger, aircraft

A We use Past Simple to tell a story about finished events. Most verbs are regular: we add -ed to the verb.

Airlines diverted their flights to Palermo.

KM Malta Airlines canceled two flights.

Aeroitalia changed its flights to Comiso.

Для правильных глаголов в Past Simple просто добавляем -ed: start→started, work→worked, divert→diverted.

B Some verbs are irregular. They do not take -ed. They have a special past form that you must learn.

SAC said: all flights will stop.

Three flights went to Trapani.

The ash cloud began to move south.

Некоторые глаголы (say-said, go-went, begin-began) имеют особую форму прошедшего времени, её нужно запомнить отдельно.

C To tell a story in order, use Past Simple for every event. Words like First, Then, and After that show the order of events.

First, the airport worked with less capacity.

Then the ash cloud continued to move south.

After that, all flights stopped completely.

Чтобы рассказать историю по порядку, используем Past Simple для каждого события плюс слова first, then, after that.

Exercises

1.1 Put the verb in brackets into Past Simple.

Example: Mount Etna (be) ______ active again. → was

  1. The volcano (start) ________________ making problems for flights.
  2. SAC (say) ________________ all flights would stop.
  3. Airlines (divert) ________________ their flights to other airports.
  4. KM Malta Airlines (cancel) ________________ two flights.
  5. Aeroitalia (change) ________________ its flights to Comiso.
  6. The airport (work) ________________ with less capacity at first.
  7. The ash cloud (continue) ________________ to move south.

1.2 Put the events in order (1-5). Use the verbs to help you.

Example: The airport worked with less capacity. (this is the first event) → 1

  1. All arrivals and departures stopped completely.
  2. The airport worked with less capacity.
  3. The ash cloud came closer.
  4. Airlines began to divert their flights.
  5. The airport made the rules stricter.

1.3 Answer the questions about the text. Use one sentence with Past Simple.

Example: What happened on September 26? → SAC suspended flight operations because of the volcano.

  1. What happened to KM Malta Airlines flight KM642?
  2. Where did Aeroitalia's flight go instead of Catania?
  3. What happened to the Delta flight from New York?
  4. How many flights diverted in total?
  5. What happened to the Brussels Airlines flight on September 26?
  6. Where did passengers from the Brussels flight go by bus?

1.4 Complete the sentences. Use the Past Simple of a verb from the box: divert, cancel, change, start, work, continue.

Example: The ash cloud ______ to move south. → continued

  1. The volcano ________________ making problems for air flights.
  2. The airport ________________ with less capacity before it closed.
  3. Airlines ________________ their flights to Palermo and Trapani.
  4. KM Malta Airlines ________________ two flights.
  5. Passengers' travel plans ________________ because of the volcano.

Unit 2. Airport Must Stop: Necessity with Must

Words from the text: must stop, arrival, departure, restriction, rule, volcano, airport, flight, ash, airspace, passenger, aircraft

A We use must + verb (no "to") to say something is necessary now. It is often used for strict rules in aviation English.

Catania airport must stop all arrivals and departures.

Airlines must divert or cancel their flights.

Pilots must follow the new rule.

«must» + глагол без частицы «to» выражает строгую необходимость или правило. После must никогда не ставим «to»: must stop, НЕ must to stop.

B Must is the same for every subject: I, you, he, she, it, we, they. We do not add -s.

Subjectmust + verb
The airportmust close
Airlinesmust divert
Passengersmust wait

The airport must close because of the volcano.

Passengers must wait for more information.

The aircraft must stay on the ground.

Must не меняется по лицам и числам: he must, she must, it must — без -s, в отличие от обычных глаголов.

C We use must not (mustn't) to say something is forbidden, not allowed.

Aircraft must not fly through the ash cloud.

Pilots must not enter closed airspace. This is a restriction for safety.

must not запрещает действие. Это новая форма — в этом уроке мы только учимся узнавать её (выбор must / must not).

Exercises

2.1 Complete the sentences with must and a verb from the box.

Example: The airport ______ (stop) all flights. → The airport must stop all flights.

  1. The airport ________________ (close) because of the volcano.
  2. Airlines ________________ (divert) their flights today.
  3. Pilots ________________ (follow) the new rule.
  4. Passengers ________________ (wait) for more information.
  5. Crew ________________ (check) the aircraft before departure.
  6. SAC ________________ (stop) all arrivals now.

2.2 Choose must or must not for the airport rule.

Example: Aircraft ______ fly through dangerous ash. → must not

  1. Pilots ________________ check the weather before departure.
  2. Aircraft ________________ enter closed airspace.
  3. Passengers ________________ follow the airport's restrictions.
  4. Airlines ________________ cancel flights without a reason.
  5. Crew ________________ move the aircraft to a safe place.
  6. Pilots ________________ ignore a red warning notice.

2.3 Write sentences with must using the words given.

Example: Catania Airport / stop / all flights → Catania Airport must stop all flights.

  1. Airlines / divert / their flights
  2. The airport / close / sectors C1 and B3
  3. Pilots / check / the ash cloud direction
  4. SAC / follow / the new rules
  5. Crew / move / the aircraft to Palermo
  6. Passengers / wait / for a new flight

2.4 Complete the sentence with your own idea. Use must.

Example: Pilots must ______ (your idea). → Pilots must check the weather before takeoff.

  1. Pilots must ________________.
  2. Airlines must ________________.
  3. The airport must ________________.
  4. Passengers must ________________.
  5. Crew must ________________.

Unit 3. What Is Called, What Was Closed: Simple Passive

Words from the text: be called, be closed, be planned, be canceled, damage, volcano, airport, flight, ash, airspace, passenger, aircraft

A We use is/are + past participle to talk about facts now. We do not say who does the action.

The airport company is called SAC.

Sectors C1 and B3 are closed now.

A flight is planned for next week.

Volcanic ash is called a danger for pilots.

Простой пассив настоящего времени: is/are + причастие (3-я форма глагола). Исполнитель действия не называется, важен сам факт.

B We use was/were + past participle to talk about facts in the past.

Both flights were canceled on September 26.

The airport was closed after the ash cloud came closer.

Two aircraft engines were damaged by ash.

The flight to Brussels was planned for September 26.

Простой пассив прошедшего времени: was/were + причастие. Was — с единственным числом, were — со множественным.

C We use active when we know who does the action. We use passive when this is not important.

Active: SAC canceled the flight.

Passive: The flight was canceled.

Active: The volcano damages aircraft engines.

Passive: Aircraft engines are damaged by ash.

В активном залоге важен исполнитель (SAC, airline). В пассиве важнее сам факт — кто сделал, не всегда нужно говорить.

Exercises

3.1 Change the active sentence into the passive. Use was/were + past participle.

Example: SAC canceled the flight. → The flight was canceled.

  1. The ash cloud damaged the aircraft engine.
  2. Airlines diverted ten flights.
  3. SAC canceled flight KM642.
  4. INGV closed the airspace.
  5. The airline planned a flight for September 26.
  6. Brussels Airlines canceled the flight to Brussels.

3.2 Choose the correct form: is/are or was/were + past participle.

Example: Catania Airport (is closed / were closed) now. → is closed

  1. The airport company (is called / was called) SAC.
  2. Both flights (is canceled / were canceled) yesterday.
  3. Sector B3 (is closed / was closed) now because of ash.
  4. The flight to Brussels (was planned / were planned) for September 26.
  5. Many passenger plans (was changed / were changed) last week.
  6. Two aircraft engines (is damaged / were damaged) by the ash.
  7. The volcano (is called / was called) Etna.

3.3 Complete the text with the correct passive form of the verb in brackets (is/are or was/were + past participle).

Example: Catania Airport ______ (close) now. → is closed

  1. The airport company ________________ (call) SAC.
  2. Sectors C1 and B3 ________________ (close) because of the ash cloud.
  3. Flight KM642 ________________ (cancel) on September 26.
  4. A flight to Brussels ________________ (plan) for September 26.
  5. That flight ________________ (cancel) because of the volcano.
  6. Two aircraft engines ________________ (damage) by volcanic ash.

Unit 4. Because and So: Giving Simple Reasons

Words from the text: because of, instead, available, dangerous, extra, volcano, airport, flight, ash, airspace, passenger, aircraft

A Because gives a reason. It joins two simple sentences into one. The reason comes right after because.

The airport closed because the ash was dangerous.

Airlines diverted their flights because Catania was not available.

Because вводит причину. После because всегда идёт целое предложение (подлежащее + сказуемое), а не просто слово.

B So gives a result. First we say the reason, then so, then the result.

The volcano was active, so the airport closed.

Catania was not available, so passengers needed extra transport.

So вводит следствие (результат). Схема простая: причина, so + результат. Перед so обычно ставится запятая.

C Because of also gives a reason, but after it we use a noun, not a sentence. Instead means 'in place of this' — it shows a different action.

Flights were canceled because of the volcano.

Planes could not land in Catania. They landed in Palermo instead.

Volcanic ash can damage aircraft engines, so pilots avoid it.

Because of + существительное (не предложение!). Instead значит «вместо этого» и показывает замену действия.

Exercises

4.1 Join the two sentences with because. Put the reason after because.

Example: Flights diverted. Catania was not available. → Flights diverted because Catania was not available.

  1. The airport stopped all flights. The ash cloud was too dangerous.
  2. Aeroitalia changed its flight to Comiso. Catania was not available.
  3. KM Malta Airlines canceled two flights. There was a volcano eruption.
  4. Some passengers needed extra transport. Their flights diverted to Palermo.
  5. The Delta flight diverted to Rome. Catania airport was closed.
  6. Pilots must be careful near Etna. Volcanic ash can damage aircraft engines.

4.2 Join the two sentences with so. Put the result after so.

Example: The volcano was active. The airport closed. → The volcano was active, so the airport closed.

  1. The ash cloud was dangerous. SAC stopped all flights.
  2. Catania was not available. Airlines diverted their flights.
  3. The airspace sectors were closed. Pilots could not fly over Etna.
  4. The Brussels flight was canceled. 140 passengers had problems.
  5. Palermo airport was busy. Some passengers went to Catania by bus.
  6. There was a red VONA warning. The situation was dangerous for aircraft.

4.3 Complete each sentence. Choose the correct word: because, so, because of, instead, available, dangerous, or extra.

Example: Delta's flight diverted to Rome ______ Catania was closed. → because

  1. The ash cloud was dangerous, ________________ the airport closed.
  2. Airlines diverted their flights ________________ Catania was not available.
  3. Flights were canceled ________________ the volcanic ash.
  4. Catania was not ________________, so airlines diverted their flights.
  5. Some passengers could not fly to Catania, so they flew to Rome ________________.
  6. Passengers needed ________________ buses to get from Palermo to Catania.
  7. The volcano was active, ________________ Catania stopped all arrivals and departures.
  8. Volcanic ash is very ________________ for aircraft engines.

4.4 Complete the sentences with your own ideas about Mount Etna.

Example: The airspace was closed, so ______. → pilots could not fly over Etna.

  1. Flights were canceled because ________________.
  2. The airport closed, so ________________.
  3. Catania was not available, so ________________.
  4. Passengers needed extra transport because ________________.
  5. Volcanic ash is dangerous because ________________.
  6. Some airlines used other airports instead because ________________.

Unit 5. SAC Said: Simple Reported Speech

Words from the text: say, reason, warning, notice, direction, volcano, airport, flight, ash, airspace, passenger, aircraft

A We can tell other people's words with said. Put a colon (:) after said. Then write the exact words, like a quotation. The words do not change.

SAC said: "All flight operations at Catania will stop."

INGV said: "The ash cloud is 4 kilometers high."

Чтобы передать чужие слова, просто добавь said: и напиши слова говорящего в кавычках, без изменений.

B Different speakers say different things. SAC is the airport company. INGV is a science organization. Always show who speaks, before said.

SAC said: "Sectors C1 and B3 of the airspace are closed."

INGV said: "The ash cloud is moving south."

Важно указывать, кто именно сказал — SAC (аэропорт) или INGV (учёные), потому что это разные источники.

C Organizations often give a warning or a notice with said. The quote can give a reason or a direction. Say is for now; said is for the past.

The airport said: "This is a warning for all pilots."

SAC said: "The reason is the volcano and bad wind direction."

Say — настоящее время («говорить»), said — прошедшее («сказал»). В уроке мы используем said, потому что говорим о прошлом событии.

Exercises

5.1 Complete the sentences with said.

Example: SAC ______: "All flight operations at Catania will stop." → said

  1. INGV ________________: "The ash cloud is about 4 kilometers high."
  2. SAC ________________: "The reason is bad wind and ash."
  3. The airport ________________: "Sectors C1 and B3 are closed."
  4. INGV ________________: "The wind direction is south."
  5. SAC ________________: "The volcano is still active."
  6. KM Malta Airlines ________________: "We canceled flight KM642."
  7. Brussels Airlines ________________: "Our flight to Brussels is canceled."

5.2 Who said it? Write SAC or INGV next to each quote.

Example: "All flight operations at Catania will stop." → SAC

  1. "The ash cloud is 4 kilometers high."
  2. "The cloud is moving south."
  3. "The reason is volcanic ash and bad wind."
  4. "Sectors C1 and B3 of the airspace are closed."
  5. "This is a red warning for aviation."
  6. "Flights will stop until 12:00 local time."

5.3 Complete the quotes. Use a word from the box: reason, warning, notice, direction, passengers.

Example: SAC said: "The ______ is volcanic ash." → reason

  1. INGV said: "This is a red ________________ for aviation."
  2. The airport said: "We sent a ________________ to all airlines about the closure."
  3. INGV said: "The wind ________________ is south today."
  4. SAC said: "Many ________________ had problems with their travel plans."
  5. SAC said: "The ________________ for the closure is the ash cloud."

5.4 Look at the facts. Write what the organization said. Use said: ... .

Example: SAC / Catania airport is closed now. → SAC said: "Catania airport is closed now."

  1. INGV / The ash cloud is 4 kilometers high.
  2. SAC / Flights will stop until 12:00 local time.
  3. SAC / Two sectors of the airspace are closed.
  4. INGV / The wind direction is south.
  5. KM Malta Airlines / We canceled flight KM642.
  6. Brussels Airlines / About 140 passengers have problems.
  7. Delta Air Lines / Our aircraft diverted to Rome Fiumicino.

Unit 6. Review: vocabulary and speaking

A These are the main words of the lesson. Learn them first. You need them to tell the story.

volcano Mount Etna is a volcano in Sicily.
airport Catania airport must stop all arrivals and departures.
flight Ten flights diverted to other airports.
ash Volcanic ash is dangerous for engines.
airspace Two sectors of airspace are closed.
passenger About 140 passengers had problems.
aircraft Ash can damage aircraft systems.

Mount Etna is a volcano in Sicily.

Catania airport must stop all flights.

Это ключевые слова темы. Запомните их первыми — они нужны для любого пересказа.

B These verbs and verb phrases show what happened. Many of them are in the passive (is called, is closed, was planned) — this is normal in news reports.

divert The flight had to divert to Palermo.
cancel / be canceled KM642 was canceled on September 26.
change Aeroitalia changed its flights to Comiso.
start Flight problems started before the airport closed.
work The airport worked with less capacity.
continue Some flights could continue after diverting.
must stop All arrivals and departures must stop.
be called The airport company is called SAC.
be closed Catania airport is closed now.
be planned The flight was planned for September 26.
damage Ash can damage aircraft engines.
say SAC said operations will stop.

The flight had to divert to Palermo.

The airport company is called SAC.

Эти глаголы и фразы описывают события. Пассив (is called, is closed, was planned) часто используется в новостях — не переводите дословно.

C These nouns help you explain the situation and give reasons, like a controller talking to a pilot or passenger.

arrival The arrival of the flight is delayed.
departure All departures from Catania stopped.
restriction New restrictions closed two sectors.
rule The airport made stricter rules.
reason The reason is volcanic ash.
warning INGV gave a red warning for aviation.
notice VONA means Volcano Observatory Notice for Aviation.
direction The ash cloud is moving in one direction.

The reason is volcanic ash.

INGV gave a red warning for aviation.

Эти существительные помогают объяснять причины и правила — полезно для роли диспетчера.

D These words link cause and result, or describe how safe or available something is.

because of Flights stopped because of the ash.
instead The flight went to Rome instead.
available Catania was not available for landing.
dangerous Volcanic ash is very dangerous.
extra Some passengers needed extra transport.

Flights stopped because of the ash.

Volcanic ash is very dangerous.

because of = из-за (причина); instead = вместо этого. Эти слова соединяют причину и результат.

Exercises

6.1 Write a short definition for each word. Compare your definitions with the model answers.

Example: aircraft → a plane or helicopter

  1. volcano
  2. ash
  3. airspace
  4. divert
  5. restriction
  6. available
  7. dangerous
  8. warning
  9. extra
  10. notice

6.2 Complete the summary of the text with one word in each gap.

Example: Mount Etna is a ______ in Sicily. → volcano

  1. The ________________ cloud from Etna is about 4 kilometers high.
  2. Catania Airport must ________________ all arrivals and departures.
  3. Many airlines must ________________ or cancel their flights.
  4. SAC ________________ that operations would stop until 12:00.
  5. Two sectors of the ________________ are closed.
  6. KM Malta Airlines ________________ flight KM642.
  7. ________________ were very unhappy about the delays.
  8. Volcanic ash can ________________ aircraft engines.
  9. The airport is now ________________ because of the volcano.
  10. Some passengers needed ________________ transport on the ground.

6.3 Choose the correct word.

Example: The airport (worked / warned) with less capacity before it closed. → worked

  1. The ash cloud is moving in one (direction / restriction).
  2. Brussels Airlines (canceled / continued) the flight to Brussels.
  3. The flight to Catania was not (available / dangerous), so it diverted.
  4. INGV gave a red (notice / warning) about the ash.
  5. The airport company is (called / said) SAC.
  6. Passengers went to Catania by bus (because of / instead).
  7. This flight was (planned / damaged) for September 26.

6.4 Answer the questions with short sentences. Use words from this lesson.

Example: Why did Catania Airport close? → Because of volcanic ash and bad wind.

  1. What is Mount Etna?
  2. Why is volcanic ash dangerous for aircraft?
  3. What did KM Malta Airlines do with flight KM642?
  4. Where did Aeroitalia's flights go instead of Catania?
  5. What organization gave the red warning about the ash?

6.5 Speaking. Use the word prompts to retell the story, then do the role-plays. Use lesson words.

Example: Retell the text in 5 short sentences: volcano → airport closed → flights diverted/canceled → passengers → reason. → Mount Etna is an active volcano. Catania Airport must stop because of ash. Some flights divert to Palermo, Trapani or Comiso. Other flights are canceled. The reason is dangerous volcanic ash and airspace restrictions.

  1. Retell the story: what happened to Catania Airport?
  2. Role-play: You are air traffic control. Explain to a pilot why the airspace is closed.
  3. Role-play: You are a dispatcher. Tell a passenger why their flight to Catania is canceled.
  4. Discussion: Why do airlines divert flights instead of waiting?
  5. Discussion: What extra problems do passengers have when a flight is diverted or canceled?

Answer key

Mount Etna · Level A. Open-ended responses are model answers, not the only correct responses.

Unit 1. Telling the Story: Past Simple

1.1

  1. started
  2. said
  3. diverted
  4. canceled
  5. changed
  6. worked
  7. continued

1.2

  1. 5
  2. 1
  3. 2
  4. 3
  5. 4

1.3

  1. KM Malta Airlines canceled flight KM642.
  2. Aeroitalia's flight went to Comiso instead.
  3. The Delta flight diverted to Rome Fiumicino.
  4. At least 10 flights diverted.
  5. Brussels Airlines canceled the flight to Brussels.
  6. Passengers went to Catania by bus.

1.4

  1. started
  2. worked
  3. diverted
  4. canceled
  5. changed

Unit 2. Airport Must Stop: Necessity with Must

2.1

  1. The airport must close because of the volcano.
  2. Airlines must divert their flights today.
  3. Pilots must follow the new rule.
  4. Passengers must wait for more information.
  5. Crew must check the aircraft before departure.
  6. SAC must stop all arrivals now.

2.2

  1. must
  2. must not
  3. must
  4. must not
  5. must
  6. must not

2.3

  1. Airlines must divert their flights.
  2. The airport must close sectors C1 and B3.
  3. Pilots must check the ash cloud direction.
  4. SAC must follow the new rules.
  5. Crew must move the aircraft to Palermo.
  6. Passengers must wait for a new flight.

2.4

  1. Pilots must check the fuel level.
  2. Airlines must inform passengers about changes.
  3. The airport must update its rules every day.
  4. Passengers must stay near the gate.
  5. Crew must prepare the aircraft for departure.

Unit 3. What Is Called, What Was Closed: Simple Passive

3.1

  1. The aircraft engine was damaged.
  2. Ten flights were diverted.
  3. Flight KM642 was canceled.
  4. The airspace was closed.
  5. A flight was planned for September 26.
  6. The flight to Brussels was canceled.

3.2

  1. is called
  2. were canceled
  3. is closed
  4. was planned
  5. were changed
  6. were damaged
  7. is called

3.3

  1. is called
  2. are closed
  3. was canceled
  4. was planned
  5. was canceled
  6. were damaged

Unit 4. Because and So: Giving Simple Reasons

4.1

  1. The airport stopped all flights because the ash cloud was too dangerous.
  2. Aeroitalia changed its flight to Comiso because Catania was not available.
  3. KM Malta Airlines canceled two flights because there was a volcano eruption.
  4. Some passengers needed extra transport because their flights diverted to Palermo.
  5. The Delta flight diverted to Rome because Catania airport was closed.
  6. Pilots must be careful near Etna because volcanic ash can damage aircraft engines.

4.2

  1. The ash cloud was dangerous, so SAC stopped all flights.
  2. Catania was not available, so airlines diverted their flights.
  3. The airspace sectors were closed, so pilots could not fly over Etna.
  4. The Brussels flight was canceled, so 140 passengers had problems.
  5. Palermo airport was busy, so some passengers went to Catania by bus.
  6. There was a red VONA warning, so the situation was dangerous for aircraft.

4.3

  1. so
  2. because
  3. because of
  4. available
  5. instead
  6. extra
  7. so
  8. dangerous

4.4

  1. the volcano was active again.
  2. all flights stopped.
  3. planes diverted to Palermo.
  4. their flight diverted to another airport.
  5. it can damage aircraft engines.
  6. Catania airport was closed.

Unit 5. SAC Said: Simple Reported Speech

5.1

  1. said
  2. said
  3. said
  4. said
  5. said
  6. said
  7. said

5.2

  1. INGV
  2. INGV
  3. SAC
  4. SAC
  5. INGV
  6. SAC

5.3

  1. warning
  2. notice
  3. direction
  4. passengers
  5. reason

5.4

  1. INGV said: "The ash cloud is 4 kilometers high."
  2. SAC said: "Flights will stop until 12:00 local time."
  3. SAC said: "Two sectors of the airspace are closed."
  4. INGV said: "The wind direction is south."
  5. KM Malta Airlines said: "We canceled flight KM642."
  6. Brussels Airlines said: "About 140 passengers have problems."
  7. Delta Air Lines said: "Our aircraft diverted to Rome Fiumicino."

Unit 6. Review: vocabulary and speaking

6.1

  1. a mountain that can explode with fire, smoke, and ash
  2. grey dust from a volcano
  3. the sky above a country, controlled by rules
  4. to change direction and land at another airport
  5. a rule that limits something
  6. free and ready to use
  7. able to hurt people or damage things
  8. a message that tells people about danger
  9. more than usual, additional
  10. an official message with information

6.2

  1. ash
  2. stop
  3. divert
  4. said
  5. airspace
  6. canceled
  7. Passengers
  8. damage
  9. closed
  10. extra

6.3

  1. direction
  2. canceled
  3. available
  4. warning
  5. called
  6. instead
  7. planned

6.4

  1. It is an active volcano in Sicily.
  2. It can damage aircraft engines and systems.
  3. They canceled it because of the volcano.
  4. They diverted to Comiso instead.
  5. INGV, the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology.

6.5

  1. Mount Etna is active again. Catania Airport closed because of ash. Many flights diverted or were canceled.
  2. Sector C1 and B3 are closed because of volcanic ash. It is dangerous for your aircraft. Please wait for a new clearance.
  3. I'm sorry, your flight is canceled because of the volcano. The airspace has restrictions. We will give you information about the next available flight.
  4. They divert because the ash is dangerous for the aircraft. Waiting is not safe, so they change direction to another airport.
  5. Passengers need extra transport, like a bus. Their arrival and departure times change, and some wait a day or two for a new flight.