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PILOT’S TALK · GRAMMAR PRACTICE

Mount Etna · Level B · Unit 7

Name: __________________________ Date: ______________

Unit 7. Disruption That Has Happened: Present Perfect for Current Results

Words from the text: affect, begin, reach, remain, disrupt, suspend, operator, capacity, hazard, schedule, reposition

A Use the Present Perfect (have/has + past participle) to talk about something that happened in the past but is important now. We do not say exactly when it happened — the result now is the important thing.

The volcano has disrupted air travel in Sicily. (= flights are still a problem now)

Catania Airport has had to suspend all arrivals and departures.

The ash cloud has reached 4 kilometers above sea level.

Volcanic ash has affected several flights this morning.

В русском языке нет отдельной формы для 'прошлое действие с результатом сейчас' — используется просто прошедшее время. В английском для этого нужен Present Perfect, а не Past Simple.

B Questions: Have/Has + subject + past participle...? Negatives: subject + haven't/hasn't + past participle. We often use already in positive sentences and yet in questions and negatives.

PositiveThe airport has already closed two runways.
QuestionHave the airlines canceled their flights yet?
NegativeSAC hasn't restored normal capacity yet.

Has the operator tightened the restrictions?

Has the airport reopened yet? — No, it hasn't reopened yet.

The airline hasn't repositioned its aircraft yet.

Passengers have already left the terminal.

C Compare Present Perfect with Past Simple (Unit 1). Use Past Simple for a finished action at a stated past time (yesterday, on September 26). Use Present Perfect when no time is given and the situation is still true now.

Past Simple signalsyesterday, on September 26, at 10:00, in 2010
Present Perfect signalsalready, yet, since, just, so far, this week

SAC said that flights were suspended on September 26. (Past Simple — a stated time)

The airspace has remained closed since then. (Present Perfect — still true now)

The disruption has already begun.

Airlines have had to reposition aircraft because of the volcanic hazard.

Ground staff have worked hard to restore the flight schedule.

Не используйте Present Perfect со словами, указывающими точное время в прошлом (yesterday, on September 26, at 10:00) — в этих случаях нужен Past Simple.

Exercises

7.1 Complete the sentences with the correct Present Perfect form of the verb in brackets. Use Past Simple for the finished event in item 8.

Example: Volcanic ash ______ (affect) flight schedules this week. → Volcanic ash has affected flight schedules this week.

  1. The volcano ________________ (disrupt) air travel across Sicily.
  2. Catania Airport ________________ (suspend) all arrivals and departures.
  3. The ash cloud ________________ (reach) 4 kilometers above sea level.
  4. Several airlines ________________ (cancel) their flights today.
  5. The airport operator ________________ (not restore) normal operations yet.
  6. ________________ (SAC / issue) a new warning about the ash cloud?
  7. Passengers ________________ (remain) at the airport since this morning.
  8. The disruption ________________ (begin) before the full suspension.

7.2 Rewrite the sentences, changing Past Simple to Present Perfect to show that the situation is still true now. Remove the past time word.

Example: The airport closed two runways yesterday. → The airport has closed two runways.

  1. The volcano disrupted air travel yesterday.
  2. The ash cloud reached the coast this morning.
  3. SAC suspended all flights at 10:00.
  4. The airline canceled three flights yesterday.
  5. The restrictions affected many passengers last week.
  6. Capacity at the airport remained reduced all day.

7.3 Write sentences about the current situation at Catania Airport. Use Present Perfect and the words given.

Example: airport / suspend / all departures → The airport has suspended all departures.

  1. ash cloud / reach / 4 kilometers
  2. airlines / divert / several flights / to Palermo
  3. operator / tighten / the restrictions
  4. capacity / remain / reduced
  5. disruption / affect / many passengers
  6. KM Malta Airlines / cancel / two flights

Answer key

Mount Etna · Level B · Unit 7. Open-ended responses are model answers, not the only correct responses.

Unit 7. Disruption That Has Happened: Present Perfect for Current Results

7.1

  1. The volcano has disrupted air travel across Sicily.
  2. Catania Airport has suspended all arrivals and departures.
  3. The ash cloud has reached 4 kilometers above sea level.
  4. Several airlines have canceled their flights today.
  5. The airport operator has not restored normal operations yet.
  6. Has SAC issued a new warning about the ash cloud?
  7. Passengers have remained at the airport since this morning.
  8. The disruption began before the full suspension.

7.2

  1. The volcano has disrupted air travel.
  2. The ash cloud has reached the coast.
  3. SAC has suspended all flights.
  4. The airline has canceled three flights.
  5. The restrictions have affected many passengers.
  6. Capacity at the airport has remained reduced.

7.3

  1. The ash cloud has reached 4 kilometers.
  2. Airlines have diverted several flights to Palermo.
  3. The operator has tightened the restrictions.
  4. Capacity has remained reduced.
  5. The disruption has affected many passengers.
  6. KM Malta Airlines has canceled two flights.