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← Level C lessonsMOUNT ETNA · LEVEL C · UNIT 20

Review: vocabulary and speaking

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A These are the core operational nouns you need to brief a crew or write a NOTAM-style summary of an event like the Etna closure. Note the fixed collocations: pose a hazard to + noun (never 'pose a danger on'), and prevailing wind conditions, which is almost always plural and used to explain why a restriction exists, not just that it exists.

carrierOther carriers canceled services instead of diverting them.
sectorAirspace sectors C1 and B3 were also closed as part of the restrictions.
itineraryAffected passengers faced changes to their itineraries.
pose a hazard toVolcanic ash poses a serious hazard to aircraft because it can affect engines.
ground transportationPassengers continued their journey to Catania by ground transportation.
prevailing wind conditionsOperations were suspended because of volcanic ash and prevailing wind conditions.
VONAA red VONA was issued in response to the ongoing ash emission.

A carrier operating into an active volcanic area must check every Volcano Observatory Notice for Aviation (VONA) before departure.

Airspace sector C1 was closed, forcing aircraft to reroute around Catania.

Passengers had to change their itinerary after their flight was diverted to Palermo.

Volcanic ash poses a serious hazard to aircraft engines and other systems.

Affected travelers were moved to Catania by ground transportation instead of flying.

The closure was explained by ash and by prevailing wind conditions over the airport.

Это ключевые термины для брифинга: кто летит (carrier), где закрыто (sector), что изменилось у пассажира (itinerary), почему это опасно (pose a hazard to), как добираются (ground transportation), из-за чего закрытие (prevailing wind conditions, VONA).

B These verbs and verb phrases describe cause and effect in formal/news style. Note that in operational reports the passive is far more common than the active: 'volcanic ash forced the airport to close' sounds like a headline, but 'the airport was forced to close by volcanic ash' or, more typically, 'operations were driven by volcanic ash' is the normal reporting register. lead to and in response to are fixed prepositional patterns: lead to + noun/-ing; in response to + noun.

The eruption forced Catania Airport to suspend all flight operations.

The ash cloud prompted several airlines to divert or cancel flights.

resulting restrictions made it impossible for any aircraft to land.

Reduced visibility can lead to a complete suspension of arrivals.

A red VONA was issued in response to the ongoing ash emission.

The closure was driven by ash and wind, not by a technical fault.

Five flights were sent to Palermo instead of Catania.

A VONA is issued whenever an eruption reaches a certain intensity.

The diversion allowed the flight to continue instead of being canceled.

Schedules disrupted by the closure took two days to recover.

A diversion to Trapani meant extra fuel planning for the crew.

The plume was reaching about 4 km and moving south over the strait.

The airport announced the reopening of operations for the next morning.

A full suspension is more serious than reduced capacity: nothing moves at all.

C These adjectives, adverbs and linking expressions let you sequence and qualify events the way the original news report does: initially ... but later; an airport can become unavailable (predicative, not used before a noun: NOT 'an unavailable airport' in this register, rather 'Catania became unavailable'); approximately is preferred to 'about' in operational writing; associated and additional both go before the noun they modify.

The airport initially operated with reduced capacity before the full suspension.

Catania became unavailable, so Aeroitalia used Comiso instead.

The Brussels service was scheduled for September 26.

The plume reached approximately 4 kilometers above sea level.

Reopening depends on wind direction and associated airspace restrictions.

Some passengers needed additional ground transportation.

affected passengers were rebooked onto later flights.

Exercises

Write your answers below, then open Answers. There is no automatic checking. Entries are not saved when you leave this page.

20.1 Write a short definition for each word or phrase from Lesson C. Compare with the model answers.

Example: carrier → an airline that operates flights (= operator)

  1. sector
  2. itinerary
  3. pose a hazard to
  4. ground transportation
  5. prevailing wind conditions
  6. Volcano Observatory Notice for Aviation (VONA)
Answers

For open questions, these are model answers. Other answers may also be correct.

  1. a defined block of airspace managed by ATC
  2. the planned route and schedule of a journey, including stops and connections
  3. to represent a serious risk to (people, equipment, operations)
  4. transport on the ground (bus, car, train) used instead of, or in addition to, a flight
  5. the usual wind direction and strength in a given area at a given time, used to explain operational decisions
  6. an official aviation warning issued by a volcano observatory, colour-coded by alert level (e.g. red = eruption with significant ash emission)

20.2 Complete the summary of the Etna incident with the correct word or phrase. Use each item once.

Example: Renewed volcanic activity at Mount Etna ______ Catania Airport to suspend all flight operations. → forced

  1. Renewed volcanic activity at Mount Etna Catania Airport to suspend all flight operations.
  2. The eruption also several airlines to divert or cancel services.
  3. The restrictions were by volcanic ash and prevailing wind conditions.
  4. Reduced capacity later a complete suspension of arrivals and departures.
  5. The airport operated with reduced capacity before closing completely.
  6. Before long, Catania became completely to arriving traffic.
  7. All at the airport were suspended from 12:00 local time.
  8. A red VONA was by the Volcano Observatory.
  9. The VONA was issued the ongoing ash emission.
  10. According to INGV, the ash plume was approximately 4 kilometers above sea level.
  11. INGV reported that the plume reached 4 kilometers above sea level.
  12. The ash cloud was , away from the airport's main approach paths.
  13. At least ten flights were to other Italian airports.
  14. The diversions some services to continue operating instead of being canceled.
  15. passengers faced changes to their itineraries.
  16. Some travelers needed ground transportation to reach Catania.
  17. The Brussels–Catania service September 26 was canceled.
  18. KM Malta Airlines canceled two flights because of the volcanic activity and the restrictions.
  19. Schedules the closure will take time to restore.
  20. Flight disruption began well before the was imposed.
  21. The of flight operations will depend on wind direction.
  22. Reopening also depends on airspace restrictions.
  23. Each allowed passengers to reach Catania, though later than planned.
Answers

For open questions, these are model answers. Other answers may also be correct.

  1. forced
  2. prompted
  3. driven
  4. led to
  5. initially
  6. unavailable
  7. flight operations
  8. issued
  9. in response to
  10. reaching
  11. approximately
  12. moving south
  13. sent
  14. allowed
  15. Affected
  16. additional
  17. scheduled for
  18. resulting
  19. disrupted by
  20. full suspension
  21. reopening
  22. associated
  23. diversion

20.3 Rewrite each sentence in the passive, keeping the meaning, in the formal operational style of the text.

Example: Volcanic ash forced the airport to suspend operations. → The airport was forced to suspend operations by volcanic ash.

  1. The ash cloud prompted airlines to divert their flights.
  2. INGV issued a red VONA on September 26.
  3. SAC sent five flights to Palermo.
  4. Volcanic ash and wind conditions drove the restrictions at Catania.
  5. The diversions allowed some services to continue operating.
  6. The eruption disrupted schedules across the network.
  7. The airline scheduled the Brussels service for September 26.
  8. The closure affected around 140 passengers.
Answers

For open questions, these are model answers. Other answers may also be correct.

  1. Airlines were prompted to divert their flights by the ash cloud.
  2. A red VONA was issued by INGV on September 26.
  3. Five flights were sent to Palermo by SAC.
  4. The restrictions at Catania were driven by volcanic ash and wind conditions.
  5. Some services were allowed to continue operating because of the diversions.
  6. Schedules across the network were disrupted by the eruption.
  7. The Brussels service was scheduled for September 26.
  8. Around 140 passengers were affected by the closure.

20.4 Rewrite each sentence using the corresponding anchor word or phrase from this lesson.

Example: Emirates is one of the largest ______ (= airline) in the Gulf. → carriers

  1. Ash can be extremely dangerous for aircraft engines. (rewrite using 'pose a hazard to')
  2. The airline changed the passenger's planned route and stops.
  3. The airspace near Catania is divided into controlled blocks managed by ATC.
  4. The closure happened because of the wind's usual direction and strength at the time.
  5. A warning for pilots about the eruption was issued by the observatory.
  6. Passengers were taken from Palermo to Catania by bus instead of flying.
Answers

For open questions, these are model answers. Other answers may also be correct.

  1. Ash poses a hazard to aircraft engines.
  2. The airline changed the passenger's itinerary.
  3. The airspace near Catania is divided into sectors.
  4. The closure happened because of prevailing wind conditions.
  5. A VONA was issued by the observatory.
  6. Passengers continued by ground transportation.

20.5 Speaking. Prepare and perform each task using at least eight words/phrases from this lesson. Model answers give useful phrases, not full scripts.

Example: In one sentence, say why Catania Airport closed on September 26. → Catania Airport was forced to suspend all flight operations because volcanic ash from Mount Etna, driven by prevailing wind conditions, posed a serious hazard to aircraft, and a red VONA was issued in response.

  1. Retell the whole Etna incident in about 90 seconds, as if briefing a colleague who has just come on shift.
  2. Role-play: you are a dispatcher. Call the captain and explain why Catania is unavailable, what sectors are closed, and which diversion airports are available.
  3. Role-play: you are a gate agent. Inform passengers that their flight has been diverted to Palermo, and that ground transportation to Catania has been arranged.
  4. Discussion: why might an airport move from reduced capacity to a complete/full suspension rather than staying at reduced capacity? What factors drive that decision?
  5. Discussion: compare the consequences for a carrier of diverting a flight versus canceling it outright — for passengers, for the itinerary, and for the airline's schedule.
Answers

For open questions, these are model answers. Other answers may also be correct.

  1. Model: 'Renewed volcanic activity at Etna forced Catania to suspend all flight operations... The airport initially operated with reduced capacity, but restrictions were later tightened, leading to a complete suspension... At least ten flights were diverted, to Palermo, Trapani and Comiso, while other carriers canceled services instead... INGV reported an ash plume reaching approximately 4 kilometers, moving south, and a red VONA was issued in response... Reopening will depend on wind direction and associated airspace restrictions.'
  2. Model: 'Catania is currently unavailable; sectors C1 and B3 are closed because of prevailing wind conditions and ash, which pose a hazard to aircraft. I'd recommend Palermo or Trapani as alternates; we may need additional ground transportation for the passengers once we land.'
  3. Model: 'I'm sorry to tell you that your flight has been diverted to Palermo due to the volcanic activity at Etna, which has disrupted operations at Catania. Ground transportation by bus has been arranged to take you on to Catania, and we apologize for the change to your itinerary.'
  4. Model answer should mention: authorities tighten restrictions when ash concentration/plume height increases or wind direction brings ash directly over the airport, since reduced capacity no longer removes the hazard; suspending flights prevents further exposure from those operations while conditions are reassessed.
  5. Model answer should mention: diversion allows the flight and schedule to continue with only additional ground transportation and delay, keeping the itinerary mostly intact, while cancellation breaks the itinerary completely, forces rebooking, and may need extra time to restore the carrier's schedule and reposition aircraft and crews.